Polish Surname Meanings and Origins

With more than 38.5 million inhabitants, Poland  has the seventh-largest population in Europe. Many more millions of Polish nationals and people with Polish ancestry live around the world. If youre one of them, you might wonder about the meaning of your last name.  As with the majority of European surnames, most Polish surnames fall into one of three categories: toponymic, patronymic/matronymic, and cognominal. To learn more about your family name, read on. Toponymic Surnames   Toponymic last names are typically derived from a geographical or topographical location. For instance, some names are derived from the homestead where the first bearer of that name and his family lived. In the case of nobility, surnames were often taken from the names of familial estates. Other place names that  were adapted into surnames include towns, countries, and even geographical features. While you might think such surnames could lead you to your ancestral village, often thats not the case. This is because, over the course of history, many places in Poland have shared the same name, while other locales have changed names over time, were subdivisions of a local village or estate too small to be found on a map—or simply disappeared altogether. Surnames ending in the letters owski usually derive from place names ending with y, ow, owo, or owa.   Example:  Cyrek Gryzbowski, meaning  Cyrek from the town of Gryzbow. Patronymic and  Matronymic Surnames Surnames in this category are usually derived from the first name of a male ancestor, although some are derived from the first name of a wealthy or well-respected female ancestor. Such surnames with suffixes such as  icz, wicz, owicz, ewicz, and  ycz usually mean son of. As a rule, Polish surnames that include a suffix with the letter k  (czak, czyk, iak, ak, ek,  ik, and yk) have a similar meaning which translates to either little or son of. The same is true for the suffixes yc and ic, which are most commonly found in names of eastern Polish origin. Examples: Pawel Adamicz, meaning Paul, son of Adam; Piotr  Filipek, meaning Peter, son of Philip. Cognominal Surnames There are two basic types of cognominal surnames. The first category encompasses names that are based on a persons occupation. Some of the most common occupational surnames are derived from what were traditionally the most prominent professions in Polish society throughout history. These include blacksmith (Kowalski), tailor (Krawczyk), innkeeper (Kaczmarek), carpenter (CieÅ›lak), wheelwright (KoÅ‚odziejski), and cooper (Bednarz). Example: MichaÅ‚Â  Krawiec, meaning Michael the tailor. Descriptive surnames, on the other hand, were often derived from nicknames or pet names that highlighted either a physical attribute or personality trait of the original name bearer. Example:  Jan Wysocki, meaning Tall John. 50 Common Polish Last Names Surnames with the  ski  suffix and its cognates cki  and  zki make up almost 35 percent  of the 1,000 most popular Polish names. The presence of these suffixes almost always denotes Polish origin. The most common Polish surnames are listed below. NowakKowalskiWiÅ›niewskiDabrowskiKaminskiKowalcyzkZielinskiSymanskiWozniakKozlowskiWojciechowskiKwiatkowskiKaczmarekPiotrowskiGrabowskiNowakowskiPawlowskiMichalskiNowickiAdamczykDudekZajacWieczorekJablonskiKrolMajewskiOlszewskiJaworskiPawlakWalczakGorskiRutkowskiOstrowskiDudaTomaszewskiJasinskiZawadzkiChmielewskiBorkowskiCzarneckiSawickiSokolowskiMaciejewskiSzczepanskiKucharskiKalinowskiWysockiAdamskiSobczakCzerwinski

Timesaver Customs Lifestyle in the Uk Ireland Free Essays

What is Britain? Wales and Scotland Wales Info-stop †¢ This is the Welsh flag – The Red Dragon of Wales. †¢ The Welsh language is one of the oldest in Europe. 20% of the population* speaks Welsh. We will write a custom essay sample on Timesaver Customs Lifestyle in the Uk Ireland or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Do you like vegetables? The Welsh national symbol is a leek. †¢ Are you good at spelling? A town in Wales has the longest name in Britain! Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllanttysiliogogogoch †¢ There are lots of castles in Wales. They were built in the Middle Ages*, when the Welsh fought the English. †¢ Wales is called Cymru in Welsh. Don’t call Welsh people English. They aren’t. They’re Welsh! †¢ Every year there are music and art festivals called Eisteddfods. They began around 1,000 years ago. Read about Wales. Find the places on the map and write the letters. a 1 Feeling sporty*? Why not go to a rugby match? There are 47 clubs in Cardiff! b 2 c Take a boat from Cardigan Bay and see thousands of seals and dolphins. f 3 Go surfing! Whitesands Bay is a hit* with surfers. And it’s also got great swimming and diving. d 4 Baa! Wales is the most important sheep farming area in Europe. It’s got 11 million sheep!WALES 5 e Ancient! In Anglesey you can see remains* of Celtic* villages. Celts moved into Wales around 4000 BC. 6 The highest mountain in Wales is Snowdon. It’s great for walking and climbing. 8 TIMESAVER CUSTOMS LIFESTYLE IN THE UK IRELAND  © MARY GLASGOW MAGAZINES, AN IMPRINT OF SCHOLASTIC INC. TIMESAVER CUSTOMS LIFESTYLE IN THE UK IRELAND What is Britain? Scotland Jo is on holiday in Scotland. Complete her emails with the missing verbs in the past tense. Then match them to the pictures. buy be go be take see walk * What is it in your language? Find out!John O’Groats †¢ 1 helen@email. com Hello from Scotland We †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. in Glasgow yesterday. I thought it was the capital of Scotland. Wrong! But Glasgow is the style capital of Scotland. We †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. shopping this morning. Some shops sell Scottish things like Tartan. That’s a traditional cloth. My brother said he wanted to buy a kilt (a skirt for men). But he was only joking! He †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a tartan hat instead. 2 helen@email. com Hello from Scotland †¢ Loch Ness Aberdeen †¢ Hi! We’re in the North of Scotland now.We’re at the Highland games. They do some crazy sports. One of them is called ‘tossing the caber’ where men throw a heavy wooden pole*! At the weekend we went to Ben Nevis, Britain’s highest mountain. We .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. to the top. It was really tiring*. †¢ †¢ Glasgow Edinburgh SCOTLAND 3 helen@email. com Hello from Scotland b a c I’m sending this from Loch Ness – the lake with the famous monster. We went out on a boat this morning but we didn’t †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . the monster! And two days ago we †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. ferry* to the Orkney Islands (Scotland has 800 islands! ), and we saw thousands of birds. They were so noisy! 4 helen@email. com Hello from Scotland d We’re having a great time in Edinburgh. That’s right, the capital of Scotland! It’s really crowded because there’s an international arts festival – there are hundreds of shows! We went to one last night – it †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. great. And we climbed up to the Castle, too. I saw somebody playing traditional music on bagpipes. TIMESAVER CUSTOMS LIFESTYLE IN THE UK IRELAND  © MARY GLASGOW MAGAZINES, AN IMPRINT OF SCHOLASTIC INC. 9 How to cite Timesaver Customs Lifestyle in the Uk Ireland, Papers

I Love Traveling free essay sample

Therer the bus driver, conductor, and the passenger will have time to eat, i remember eating a cup noodle, the heat from its soup is enugh to comfort me.. and also it satisfied my tummy. hen we got to our destination, you can smell right away the fresh air, the shade of the trees are awesome, the houses that we visited are simple.. but i can see the happy people living inside happy to welcome us. I met new friends and i admit meeting and playing with new friends are fun, they even got delicious foods, and one of my favorite is climbing trees, in prvinces they got a lot of trees, I may look like a monkey, but who cares its fun. Also in those trees, bares a mango fruit, which are very sweet and very delicious. of course the our trip would not be complete if theres no swimming!. We will write a custom essay sample on I Love Traveling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The house that we visited is just a ride away to a beach or sometimes a hot spring.. before you swim in a beach, you will first hear the waves of the water, i recommend you to close your eyes and feel the eargasm, while your feeling it, you should also breath in the breaze, inhale it and exhale it.. and then slowly open your eyes and you will see a beautiful view of the deep blue sea and in that moment, picture it to your mind.. and when your in a hot spring you can pretty much do nothing but relax.. and let the warm water make you feel great. lso in provinces they got a lot of ghost and mythical creatures, they got the kapre, aswang, mananangal, duwende (elf), and also the so-scary white lady. i remeber there was a time that I find it hard to sleep, my bed was is right next to a big window, and in that window you could see clearly a huge tree with the help of the moonlight. They said that in that tree a white lady is standing in front of it, i was so scared that i decided to close m y eyes so hard until i fell asleep. And in the morning that three is the first thing i saw and i didnt realize that there is a hammock under it. So I quickly go straight to that tree after a delicious breakfast. and lay on the hammock under it. it was so relaxing especially under the shade of the tree. After all, I didnt see a white lady. travelling gave me a lot of experiences, maybe someday i will travel to other places. besides, theres a lot of places in the the phillipines and of course the whole world that i didnt conquered yet. I know a special girl who would like to see the eiffel tower of Paris and want that to happen with me. but now i need to save money for that to happen.

Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology

Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status in Sociology Status is a term that is used often in sociology. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of status, achieved status and ascribed status. Each can refer to ones position, or role, within a social system- child, parent, pupil, playmate, etc.- or to ones economic or social position within that status.   Individuals usually hold multiple statuses at any given time- lawyers, say, who happen to devote most of their time to pro bono work instead of rising through the ranks at a prestigious law firm. Status is important sociologically because we attach to ones position a certain set of  presumed  rights, as well as presumed obligations and expectations for certain behaviors. Achieved Status An achieved status is one that is acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a persons skills, abilities, and efforts. Being a professional athlete, for example, is an achieved status, as is being a lawyer, college professor, or even a criminal. Ascribed Status An ascribed status, on the other hand, is beyond an individuals control. It is not earned, but rather is something people are either born with or had no control over. Examples of ascribed status include sex, race, and age. Children usually have more ascribed statuses than adults, since they do not usually have a choice in most matters. A familys social status or socioeconomic status, for instance, would be an achieved status for adults, but an ascribed status for children. Homelessness might also be another example. For adults, homelessness often comes by way of achieving, or rather not achieving, something. For children, however, homelessness is not something they have any control over. Their economic status, or lack thereof, is entirely dependent on their parents actions. Mixed-Status The line between achieved status and ascribed status is not always black and white. There are many statuses that can be considered a mixture of achievement and ascription. Parenthood, for one. According to the latest numbers gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 50 percent of pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned, which makes parenthood for those people an ascribed status. Then there are people who achieve a certain status because of an ascribed status. Take Kim Kardashian, for example, probably the most famous  reality television celebrity in the world. Many people might argue that she would never have achieved that status if she had not come from a wealthy family, which is her ascribed status.  Ã‚   Status Obligations Probably the greatest set of obligations are conferred upon the status of parenthood.  First, there are biological obligations: Mothers are expected to care for themselves and their unborn child (or children, in the case of twins, etc.) by abstaining for any activity that could cause either of them harm. Once a child is born, a host of legal, social, and economic obligations kick in, all with the purpose of ensuring that parents act in a responsible manner toward their children. Then there are professional status obligations, like doctors and lawyers whose vocations bind them to certain oaths governing their client relationships. And socioeconomic status obligates those who have achieved a certain high level of economic status to contribute portions of their wealth to help the less fortunate in society.

Flowers fo Algernon essays

Flowers fo Algernon essays This book was very confusing in the beggining.BeforeI read a book I usally skim Through it real fast.When I skimmed through this one,I saw a whole bunch of spellingerrors,and it didn't have a summary on the back of the bookto tell you what it's about. I soon learned it was about a retarded adult namedCharlie Gordon,writing to his doctor,Dr Stauss.Dr.Stauss is experimenting on him to make him be smarter.Charlie works at bakery,as a janitor.He thinks he has alot of freinds their,butthey really are just making fun of him.Charlie just doesn't know.He hopes to be smart some day,just like the other kids,so he doesn't hesitate for a moment to cooperatein a radical experiment to increase his intellegence. Algernon is a mouse that Charlie is amazed at the tasks he can perform.He is also very supersticious. As days go by,Charlie starts to make more and morecorrections in his writing.He also gets more mad at Algernon,because he keeps beating Charlie in all the tests.He later starts to notice how beatiful Alice Kinnian is.He can't get her off his mind.She likes May 20th,he got fired from his job,but the Welberg Foundation has begunpaying him a salary out of grant so he doesn't have to go looking for a job.His sister isn't very nice to him. His qoute,"Listen,the best of them have been smug and patronizing-using me to make themselves superior and secure in their own limitations.Anyone can feel intelligent besides a moron." October 5th was the day when Charlie snapped.He told Dr.Stauss he didn't want to take these tests anymore.He even ripped apart the white binder with alot of information.The tests made him so much smarter,now he's loosing it.He starts making more errors in his writing.He lost alot of his knowledge.Algernon died at the end of the story. ...

Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy Essay

Should monetary and fiscal policymakers try to stabilize the economy - Essay Example Also, there is no reason to make people live through the ups and downs that is the business cycle as we know it, and monetary and fiscal policymakers can step in to try to balance out demand, and hence forth stimulate production and employment (Lecture 19). Some people may argue that this is only looking at the "short" run effects, and not taking into consideration the long term effects. Such people would not agree with monetary and fiscal policymakers interfering in the economy, they would rather see less big involvement and a monetary policy based on long term rules(The Short). "Fiscal or monetary policy can be used to stabilize output and employment around their trend levels, and hence prevent booms or recessions from getting out of hand. When this domestic model is broadened to open the economy to international trade and capital flows, this conclusion no longer holds but the results depend on the flexibility of the nation's exchange rate."(Remarks). In conclusion, after studying and reading several sources, I have decided that monetary and fiscal policymakers should try to stabilize the economy. This offers a solution to many economic problems, and can help prevent massive swings in our economy, which is always a good thing.

Finance international business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance international business - Research Paper Example This includes manufacture ring, processing, buying, transportation, warehousing etc. Pre-shipment credit is also called as packaging credit in some countries. This is short term finance. Post shipment finance is the credit offered to the importer in order to buy goods. Not all exporters are financially sound to extend credit to the importer. In order to encourage importers financial assistance is offered to them. This is done through financial institutions, commercial banks especially. Under the consignment terms of purchase the importer makes payment to the exporter only when the goods are sold to the end user and payment is received from them. This type of purchase poses high risk to the exporter as there could be indefinite delay in the sale of goods to the end user. It however favors the importer. This type of payment is observed in case of very high trust among the traders or if the exporting firm is financially capable enough to incur the loss, if there is any. The name clearly suggests the feature of this financing option. The importer has to pay in advance to receive the goods. In other words the payment is done before the shipment of the goods. Again, there are a few reasons for choosing this option. The importer is yet to establish a name in the market or the exporter has little faith in the financial status of the importer. The high demand of the product could be another reason for opting this mode of payment. The Cash-in-Advance type payment poses high risk to the importer. This financial instrument poses equal amount of risk to both, the importer and the exporter. The importer has to pay a certain part of the payment in advance to initiate the trade. The down payment is paid at the time of signing the contract or shortly thereafter. The risk involved for the exporter is that the importer may not pay after receiving the goods. Similarly the exporter may not deliver the goods after receiving the down payment. Hence, the risks are